Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Ἔφεσος Ephesos may ultimately be derived from the Hittite Apasa) was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Anatolia, on the Ionian coast three kilometers southwest of today's Selçuk district of Izmir, and later an important Roman city. Its foundation dates back to the Polished Stone Age 6000 BC. It was built by Attic and Ionian Greek colonists to replace the old capital of Arzawa in the 10th century BC.
It was one of the twelve cities of Ionia in the classical Greek era. The city developed after it came under the control of the Roman Republic in 129 BC.
Included in the World Heritage Tentative List by UNESCO in 1994. Efes was registered as a World Heritage Site in 2015.
The city is famous for the nearby Temple of Artemis (completed around 550 BC;), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Among many other monumental structures are the Celsus Library and a theater that can accommodate 25,000 spectators. Ephesus was one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation. The Gospel of John may have been written here.
The city was the seat of several Christian Councils in the 5th century (see Ephesus Council). The city was destroyed by the Goths in 263 and although it was rebuilt, the city's importance as a commercial center declined due to the slow destruction of the harbor by the Küçükmenderes River. It was partially destroyed in an earthquake in AD 614. The ruins of Ephesus are located about 30 km away from Adnan Menderes Airport and Kuşadası cruise ship port.
It was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015.
Neolithic period
The area surrounding Ephesus was already inhabited during the Neolithic Age (about 6000 BC) as revealed by the nearby artificial mounds known as Arvalya and Cukurici.
In 1996, Çukuriçi Höyük was discovered on the banks of the Derbent Stream, between tangerine groves, approximately 100 m southwest of the Selçuk, Aydın and Efes road triangle. As a result of research and excavations under the direction of archaeologist Adil Evren, stone and bronze axes, needles, burnished ceramic pieces, spindle whorls, obsidian (volcanic glass), and silex (flint), shellfish, grinding and polishing tools were found in this mound. Based on the evaluations made, it was determined that there were a settlement and life in Çukuriçi Höyük from the Neolithic period to the Early Bronze Age. The same type of materials was also found in the Arvalya Höyük in Gül Hanım field, adjacent to the Arvalya Stream at about 8th km of the Selçuk, Kuşadası road. The artifacts found in Çukuriçi and Arvalya (Gül Hanım) mounds and the history of the immediate surroundings of Ephesus thus reach the Neolithic Period.
Hellenistic period
The port city of Ephesus, where immigrants from Greece started to live in 1050 BC, was moved to the vicinity of the Temple of Artemis in 560 BC. Ephesus, which is visited today, was founded by Lisimahos, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, in 300 BC. The city co-minted money with Apameia Kibotos city autonomously from Rome. These cities began to behave very brightly and semi-autonomously in Asia Minor in the classical period. Lisimahos rebuilds the city according to the "Grid Plan" found by Hippodamos of Miletus. According to this plan, all streets and streets in the city cross each other perpendicularly.
Roman period
Ephesus, which lived its most magnificent periods in the Hellenistic and Roman ages, became the capital of the Asian Province during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus and its population exceeded 200,000 people at that time (1st-2nd century BC). During this period, everywhere was equipped with monumental structures made of marble.
In the 4th century, trade-in Ephesus declined as the harbor was filled. Emperor Hadrian had the harbor cleaned several times. The port was filled with alluvium brought by the Marnas Stream and Küçük Menderes River coming from the north. Ephesus has moved away from the sea. In the 7th century, the Arabs attacked these shores. Ephesus, which was relocated during the Byzantine period and came to the Ayasuluk Hill in Selçuk, where it was founded for the first time, was taken by the Turks in 1330. Ayasuluk, which is the center of Aydınoğulları, has started to shrink gradually since the 16th century. Today, there is Selçuk district in the region.
In the frieze at the entrance of the Temple of Hadrian in the ruins of Ephesus, the 3-thousand-year-old foundation legend of Ephesus takes place with the following sentences: Androklos, the brave son of the Athenian king Kodros, wants to explore the opposite side of the Aegean. First, he consults with the oracles of the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. The prophets tell him that he will build a city where the fish and the pig point. While Androklos contemplates the meaning of these words, he sails into the dark blue waters of the Aegean ... When they come to the bay at the mouth of the Kaystros (Little Menderes) River, they decide to go ashore. While they are cooking the fish they caught by lighting a fire, a wild boar that comes out of the bushes escapes by catching the fish. Here the prophecy has come true. They decide to establish a city here ...
Ephesus, which is the main gate between East and West, was an important port city. This location enabled Ephesus to develop as the most important political and commercial center of its age and to become the capital of Asia state in the Roman Period. Ephesus does not only owe its importance in ancient times to this. The largest temple of the Artemis culture, which is based on the ancient mother goddess (Kybele) tradition of Anatolia, is also located in Ephesus.
In the 6th century BC, Ephesus, which was at the forefront of science, art, and culture along with Miletus, raised famous people such as the wise Heraclitus, the dream interpreter Artemidoros, the poet Callinos and Hipponaks, the grammar scholar Zenodotos, the physician Soranos and Rufus.
To visit Ephesus, you can also go by car via O-5 by plane or bus.