Zeugma Ancient City - Gaziantep
Belkıs / Zeugma is a city built on hills, 10 kilometers east of Gaziantep's Nizip district. Seleucus I Nikator, one of the generals of Alexander the Great, founded a city named Selevkeia Euphrates in 300 BC, where Alexander the Great crossed the Euphrates River. He established a second city opposite this city with the name of his wife Apama and connected these two cities with a bridge. The city was connected to Rome as of 31 BC and its name was changed to "Zeugma" in the sense of passage-bridge. During the Roman Period, the city lived its golden age. In 256 AD, Sassanid King Shapur I captured Zeugma and destroyed it. Zeugma could not reach its former glory after this date. The city's villas and bazaars, A and B sections, which were examined in three sections as A, B and C during the excavations, are today located under the Birecik Hydroelectric dam lake. It is planned to establish an open-air museum in Section C, which has not been excavated yet. The ancient city is world-famous for its mosaics from the Roman period. The mosaics extracted from Zeugma excavations were exhibited in Gaziantep Archeology Museum for a while and then moved to Zeugma Mosaic Museum in 2011.
Zeugma advanced a lot in the field of art, especially in the Roman period, and the mosaic flooring adorning the rich villas became competitive with the examples of the world. The mosaics unearthed during excavations in only one part of the region reveal that Zeugma is a mosaic city. Zeugma excavations and this area has been reached during a "world record" Gaziantep and Turkey conferring bullae (Seal Edition) Belkis / Zeugma is among the features that make it unique.
History of Zeugma
Belkıs / Zeugma Ancient City established on a land of approximately 20 thousand decares; Belkıs / Zeugma, which was one of the largest cities of its period with a population of 80 thousand, has been called by different names in different periods of history.
Selevkos Nikator, who was one of the generals of Alexander the Great and later the King of Syria, combined the name of the Euphrates with his own name and founded a city called Seleucus Euphrates (Silifke of the Euphrates) here in 300 BC. Later, in the 1st century BC, the city came under Roman rule. With this change of sovereignty, the name of the city also changed and took the name "Zeugma", which means bridge, passage, and known all over the world. In Zeugma, which reached a population of 80 thousand in a short time due to the deployment of the 4th Skitia Legion Garrison of the Roman Empire and trade, villas are built on the slopes with the Euphrates view. The population of 80 thousand people makes Zeugma one of the largest cities in the world. For example, Zeugma was smaller than its neighbor Antioch (Antiokheia) and Alexandria (Alexandreia) in Egypt, and the same size as Athens (Athena). It was several times the size of Pompeii and London (Londinium), which is now a giant metropolis.
The famous geographer Strabon also mentioned Zeugma. It is known that during the Hellenistic period, during the time of Selevkos Nikator, important development activities were carried out in Zeugma. A temple of Thyke, the goddess of fate, was built on the Acropolis in the city. This temple is still underground. Zeugma Ancient City was one of the Roman Cities that also minted its own city coin. The Thyke temple on one side and the Roman Eagle motif symbolizing strength on the other side was printed on the coins.
Chronological History of Zeugma
B.C. 300th century. Selevkeya Euphrates, the first settlement of Nikator Belkis / Zeugma, was established
B.C. 1st century. Preserving the name of the city, Selevkeya Euphrates, it becomes one of the 4 largest cities of the Kingdom of Commagene.
M.S. 1st century. It joined the territory of the Roman Empire in the first quarter of the 1st century BC and its name was changed to "ZEUGMA" which means "bridge", "passage".
M.S. 252 Sassanid King Shapur I captures Belkis / Zeugma and devastates
M.S. 4th century. Belkıs / Zeugma falls under late Roman rule.
M.S. 5-6th century. Belkıs / Zeugma comes under Early Roman rule.
M.S. 7th century. Belkıs / Zeugma was abandoned as a result of the Islamic Raids.
M.S. 10-12th century. A small Islamic settlement is formed.
M.S. 16th century. Belkıs Village, as it is known today, is established.
Today
Zeugma has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Site tentative list since 2012. Among the existing archaeological ruins in the region, the Hellenistic Agora, the Roman Agora, two holy areas, the stadium, the theater, two baths, the Roman legionary base, the Roman legionary, the majority of the settlements, the Hellenistic and Roman walls and the Eastern, Southern and Western necropolises. “[4] In 2014, three large glass mosaics were discovered in Zeugma, one of which depicts nine mysteries. [5] Turkey's Culture and Tourism Ministry in February 2020, according to data 340 569 visitors broke records Zeugma Mosaic Museum, which was reported in 2019. [6]
Zeugma Houses
Houses were built in the style of urban villas with courtyards approximately 800 square meters. What makes these houses important is that they were abandoned in the Sassanid loot in 253 BC, and many finds remained in place. The remaining ancient mosaic finds are among the most striking elements. In the mosaics found in Roman houses, legends and folk tales, including Greco-Roman mythologies, Greek mythologies, and Greek writings, are depicted with mosaics. These mosaics attracted attention as great works of art and therefore Zeugma Mosaic Museum was built in Gaziantep city center and the artifacts were moved to this museum.
Zeugma Mosaic Museum
Built on the historical Silk Road, the museum bears the title of the world's second-largest mosaic museum. The museum, which was opened in 2011 in an area of approximately 30 thousand square meters, is the center of attention of many local and foreign tourists. Many mosaic artifacts from Zeugma Ancient City are meticulously exhibited in this museum.
One of the star works of the museum is the Poseidon mosaic. This work, which is estimated to be the floor of the pool or the dining room, is dated from the 2nd century AD to the 3rd century. There are depictions of the most important sea gods in Greek and Roman mythology on the mosaic panel, which was extracted from the building called Poseidon villa. In the upper part of the work is Poseidon, who is riding a legendary creature called the hippocampus, with the front half of a goat and the back half of a fish. Okeanos and his wife Tethys draw attention to the lower part of the work. These three gods are associated with abundance and fertility. Therefore, it is estimated that this mosaic panel in the Zeugma museum was laid where it belongs to bring abundance and good luck.
Another conspicuous work of the museum is the Euphrates mosaic. The work, which is dated between the 2nd century and the 3rd century AD, contains a magnificent depiction of the Euphrates, who is believed to be the God of the Euphrates River. According to the legend, Euphrates killed his son named Aksurtas, thinking he was an enemy. After he had realized his mistake, he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Euphrates River. Thus, Euphrates was extremely important for the city of Zeugma, which was established near the Euphrates River. On the mosaic panel in the museum, the detail of the water flowing from the jug under the arm of Euphrates is considered to be the source of the Euphrates River according to legends.
Another striking cultural asset in the Zeugma Museum is the Romani Bambino sculpture. The work consists of a depiction of a Roman child holding a bunch of peanuts in one hand and a bird in the other. At the bottom of the statue, there is the phrase "early goodbye".
In the Zeugma Mosaic Museum collection, 2,448 square meters of mosaics, 4 Roman fountains, 140 square meters of murals, 4 limestone sculptures, 20 columns, bronze Mars Statue, sarcophagi, tomb steles and architectural pieces have been made available for display after many restorations. You should stop by here to discover both the historical Silk Road and this ancient city. The entrance fee of the museum is 30 TL.
How To Get To Zeugma?
It can be accessed by vehicles going to Belkıs Central District of Gaziantep Nizip district.
You can reach Gaziantep by land and air and reach the ancient city with a journey of approximately 45 minutes from here.